SPATIAL planning is a major governmental program defined by the distribution of population and activities within a territory. This research examines it from the perspective of ensuring the right to equal opportunity. It is argued that SPATIAL JUSTICE fundamentally requires SPATIAL planning to be defined using the principle of equal opportunity and the function of guaranteeing this right. Given that Afghanistan faces key SPATIAL inequalities in both soft and hard infrastructure and that procedural rights concerning the equal distribution of population and activities across the territory have been violated, the government is obligated to ensure equal access to infrastructure through SPATIAL planning. Additionally, to achieve SPATIAL JUSTICE based on equal opportunity, positive actions must be taken. Since there are positive commitments associated with procedural and substantive rights, the government must design, approve, and implement these actions with neutrality and independence to ensure national unity, balanced development, human dignity, and loyalty to governance. Essentially, the function of SPATIAL planning based on equal opportunity is aimed at guaranteeing the right to equal opportunity, highlighting the necessity and importance of this research. Furthermore, this study employs deductive and inductive approaches, predominantly using qualitative data analysis methods. The research aims to analyze and evaluate how SPATIAL planning influences the assurance of equal opportunity through specific and positive actions within its framework.

Today, the concept of JUSTICE as essential in the process of urban planning and management of metropolitan areas is considered. The emergence of concepts such as JUSTICE, fairness and social JUSTICE and the environment is similar to this. However, dealing with the concept of perspective and allocation policies and action plans in this regard seems to be quite necessary. This study of the theoretical foundations, and in the expression of analytical results, the secondary analysis; The study includes a set of tools for data collection and statistical reports Statistical Center of Iran and Tehran Municipality has benefited in 22 districts of the municipality. Following the concept of JUSTICE in the 4 components: providing fair housing, providing adequate access to services, the provision of facilities (opportunity) for all and fairness in the distribution of resources is evaluated; Finally, in contrast to the expression of the 22 districts, several measures related to the realization of JUSTICE is mentioned.

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to action and judicial JUSTICE. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

In addition to the class gap, Iran's border regions also suffer from regional SPATIAL inJUSTICE. In the field of social JUSTICE and urban SPATIAL JUSTICE, a lot of quantitative research has been done in various fields of social sciences, urban planning, etc., but regional SPATIAL JUSTICE" has been neglected. This research examines social policies regarding the development of border regions with an emphasis on regional SPATIAL JUSTICE with the qualitative method of critical discourse analysis with the Farclough-Laclave and Mouffe approach at the levels of description, interpretation and explanation.In the post -revolution  5-year development plans, there is no article or note regarding the development of border areas, except, a  part of Article 204 of the Fifth Development Plan, which deals with investment and sustainable livelihood of border dwellers and border industrial towns. Social policies and development plans after the revolution, influenced by layering discourses. in the upper layer, fixed supra-discourse of the government of the Islamic Revolution stands, while in the middle layer, there are variable government discourses, and in the inner layer, there are development discourses. This layering creates a discourse order in which development plans for border areas are articulated as plans emphasizing on regional SPATIAL JUSTICE. In these social policies, which are under influence of ideological- discursive formulation, posterior and distributive JUSTICE was preferred to a priori and procedural JUSTICE. But, the development of Iran's border regions with an emphasis on regional SPATIAL JUSTICE, requires a combined approach of procedural-distributive JUSTICE and the rule of  an evolutionary discursive  order  instead of   an antagonistic one. 

Introduction and Aim: in developing countries isn't appropriate SPATIAL distribution. The population has focused in macro cities and there is many small towns. So this is encourage government that to prevent this phenomenon. Attention of planner to physical-SPATIAL decentralization and preventing form inappropriate growth of cities has been led to preparation different strategies about distribution of population and urbanization in developing countries. One of the important strategies about this problem is Strengthen of mediate cities in urban network. The purpose of this research is, studying of mediate cities roles in order to strengthen of them and preventing from Macrocephaly phenomenon in Khoram abad city in lorestan province.Method: the method of research is "descriptive-analytical. Also has been done library (using of books, papers, internet and etc) and field (questionnaire, view).Results: Strengthen of mediate cities and creating balance of population is necessary in order to preventing of increased population in Khoram abad city (the center of province).

Introduction Generally, SPATIAL inJUSTICE which can be a threat for national security and evolution of critical areas refers to an imbalanced distribution of society’ s valuable properties such as political-executive power, wealth and opportunity resources. SPATIAL inJUSTICE is the most important feature of Iran’ s SPATIAL organization which is seen in the center-periphery structure of the country from local to national scales. Due to the threats and current complicated conditions, an effort to achieve SPATIAL JUSTICE is one of the main research priorities in political geography. A democratic approach to SPATIAL JUSTICE provides equality for all residents of a geographic space to enjoy the resources, opportunities and infrastructures through their participation in the decision-making processes. SPATIAL JUSTICE is realized when power, wealth and opportunities are distributed proportionally with the potentialities of the micro-and macro-spaces and places. As a result, the interests empowering societies to meet their needs increase and the coefficient between the regions increases. Space and humans are the focal point of human geographical thought and of political geography. Equal access of all residents of a geographic space to the main factors like power, opportunity and wealth at micro-and macro-levels form the axis of SPATIAL JUSTICE in political geography...

Regions have challenges with the phenomenon of inJUSTICE from many aspects, and in different areas suffer from inappropriate distribution of benefits and lack of suitable access to services. Therefore, regional development, especially in developing countries, has always faced many challenges, including inequality and SPATIAL inJUSTICE. In order to overcome these challenges, JUSTICE-oriented approaches such as territorial JUSTICE, environmental JUSTICE, and SPATIAL JUSTICE have been raised. Therefore, this paper intend to review the scholarly literature of SPATIAL JUSTICE on the regional scale to clarify the theoretical ambiguity in this field. The article is based on a systematic review and content analysis strategy. Systematic review is a second-order analysis that seeks to not only synthesizes the results of prior works, but also to reflect upon the processes within those researches. Methods such as open coding were used to collect and analyze the data. As a result, by using both systematic review and content analysis, the subject matter is explicated and organized, and thus the conceptual background that characterizes the development and change of this issue are discussed. The results indicate that the SPATIAL JUSTICE had not been well defined. Existing concepts and approaches were contradictory and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both JUSTICE theory and regional theory. To advance this growing field, more conceptual clarity is needed. Also in case, it has been aimed to add relevance and momentum to the literature of SPATIAL JUSTICE at regional level by developing a foreground for the future studies.

According to several types of research, one of the most important issues and principles of sustainable development that urban professionals pay attention to it recently is Just City. One aspect of JUSTICE in cities, SPATIAL JUSTICE, has particular significance by Unequal and discordant Expanding in cities regarding creating unequal areas. On the other hand, the urban SPATIAL structure affects the equal distribution of elements and services. If this structure is devoid of JUSTICE ideology will lead to a complex social crisis and SPATIAL issues as SPATIAL conflict. Accordingly, this study aims to analyse the SPATIAL JUSTICE and structure in the case of Yazd city to know how they influence each other. SPATIAL JUSTICE is examined from the view of "Equality of opportunity". Involved criteria are "Equality", "Physical diversity", "Human diversity" and "Urban spaces", and SPATIAL structure based on “ Space Syntax” technique with "Integration", "Control", "Connect" and " Intelligibility " parameters. These criteria are Scored and analysed by FDAHP techniques and GIS. The result shows favourable status in the Central District, and as getting away from the disadvantaged downtown District increased. On the other hand, the SPATIAL structure analysis reveals the most SPATIAL coherent analogue the north-south axis with a little depth and isolated District (SPATIAL segregations) have located in the corners and edges of the city. Results from the superposition of these two analysis layers show a compatibility relation between the SPATIAL structure of Yazd and the pattern of JUSTICE distribution except in the central and historical centre.

. Analysis of SPATIAL inequalities in the distribution of urban services with SPATIAL JUSTICE approach using VIKOR model (Case Study of Qazvin city ) Nowadays cities especially those in developing countries, regarding population growth and continuous urbanization, need SPATIAL JUSTICE in appropriate using of different urban public services more than any time. Urban services especially in neighborhoods play a crucial role in the formation of urban systems. problems caused by inappropriate distribution of urban services the urban elements and SPATIAL JUSTICE. Geographical and SPATIAL JUSTICE means fair distribution of services and therefore it is achieving a balanced society and social JUSTICE. Among these problems, the issue of inappropriate service of urban districts and public service contradicts SPATIAL JUSTICE. it is impossible to deprive a part of population from urban services. Deprivation to these services with higher cost leads to more SPATIAL inequalities in cities. Qazvin like most of other cities in the country suffers from unequal urban services. Accordingly, the present research, regarding the concept of SPATIAL JUSTICE, the relationship between population and service distribution and inhabitants’ access of 19 districts in Qazvin. The methodology used was used descriptive and analytical and data gathering was done through library and survey. To investigate the distribution of the population relative Entropy model was used to analyze the SPATIAL inequalities related to the distribution of services in the areas VIKOR model was used. Results from Entropy (0. 74152) show that population distribution has not appropriately occurred in urban areas in Qazvin. Areas 15, 16 and 19 with the highest percentage of population enjoyed the least facilities. Area 8 with 0. 8410-Q and area 17 with 0. 889-Q enjoyed the least facilities and areas 12 and 13 enjoyed the highest facilities in the VIKOR model. Results obtained by Chi-Square Test and AVONA indicate this significant difference in citizens’ satisfaction regarding differences in distribution of opportunities regarding differences in distribution of opportunities and access to urban services. urban service distribution is not in accordance with the areas’ needs and distributed services are not used by citizens. Keywords: population distribution, service distribution, SPATIAL distribution, VIKOR model, 19 districts in Qazvin city.

Backgrounds and Objectives: The pattern of balanced development of the city depends on measuring the SPATIAL balance of the city's resources, facilities and the way the population settles in its areas and localities. Also, the balanced development of every city requires a fair approach towards the efficiency of financial resources and the distribution of economic, social and cultural services, which aims to improve the life quality of the citizens. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the balanced development of Amol city with the approach of SPATIAL JUSTICE. Material and Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to analyze the research data in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. At first, the SPATIAL distribution pattern of the facilities was investigated with statistical and graphical methods in Amol city using GIS software. Then the geographical distribution was investigated. In the next step, by using the information layers of the city and the pair decision-making method, the effective physical indicators in the distribution of facilities have been examined. A survey and interview were conducted with 42 experts in 22 neighborhoods of Amol city during 2020-2021 to determine the superiority functions and weighting of indicators and finally their ranking using AHP model. Findings: The findings of different analyzes indicate the concentration of facilities and services in the city center and in its primary context. Disscotion & Conclusion: Analyzes such as kernel density analysis, kriging, and hot spots determined that the distribution of facilities and services in Amol city tends to the center, and the nearest neighbor analysis also showed a clustered situation for the distribution of facilities and services.